Thursday, October 10, 2013

The History of Thrice (An Academic Paper)

IMAGE OF THE INVISIBLE
THE HISTORY OF THRICE

First Impressions
                15 years ago (1998), two high school students, Dustin Kensrue and Teppei Teranishi, got together and started writing music. At some point they picked up a bass player and a drummer, jokingly naming the group “Thrice” to only be used for their first show. However, the name caught on quickly and they were forced to keep it. Right away they began recording, and it wasn’t long until the group released a 2-day EP project at A-Room Studios during 1999, titled First Impressions. The lyrics of this EP encompassed a great deal of cultural teen angst, with lines such as “What’s the use in hoping when you always get let down,” and “I’m drowning in a sea of hate-filled eyes, and she’s screaming but no one hears her cries.” Only 1000 copies of the album were made and the members sold the album out of their cars. The sound was heavy and immature, as could be expected from any high school band, but it wasn’t long until they made their break, for in 2001 the group released their first album titled Identity Crisis.

Identity Crisis

            Identity Crisis could be argued as the album in which Thrice established a pattern of sound to be expected in future albums, but not the point in which the group made a career break. Right from the start Thrice’s music was characterized by a heavy, fast sound featuring heavily distorted guitars and distinct lead guitar lines. Identity Crisis was recorded with Paul Miller of Death by Stereo and was released on Greenflag Records. As the album began to sell, some of the proceeds were donated to a local charity. This allowed the group to play more support gigs, which generated more local buzz. As if the title of the album isn’t enough of a clue, the album also featured lyrics leading to the idea the group was struggling with the concept of who they were. Such lyrics as “No fire in our eyes, no steel in our hearts, no magic in our songs, are we just empty vessels…What of all the art and books, music and poetry, what of all our memories, what of our hopes and dreams? They hold no value, we hold not faith but greed, so I must ask you, to what end do we proceed?” lead one to believe that the group was starting to look for something greater.

The Illusion of Safety

This sound and lyrical theme continued on into their second and third albums, The Illusion of Safety and The Artist in the Albulance. However, The Illusion of Safety, recorded with Brian McTernan and released on Sub-City records in February of 2002, seemed to stay truer to the earlier lyrical theme, with lines such as “Sick of this circle of death that we dance through, again and again, just lay me in the ground. Let’s fall asleep together. Hold me darling, ‘cause I’m scared and I can’t do this alone. But I need your heartbeat to own me, your cold lips to breathe one promise that, tomorrow, we’ll wake up somewhere new.” The sound of The Illusion of Safety seemed to carry more emotional angst, as characterized in the complex time signatures, vocal layering, and hard-driving beats. It was apparent that the band was learning and discovering more of music, but it wasn’t going to mean much if they couldn’t break into something distinct. The group toured to support the album, and again donated some of their proceeds to charity; this time, it was a non-profit youth shelter in South Central Los Angelas called “A Place Called Home.”

The Artist in the Ambulance

It could be argued that Thrice’s third full-length album was their actual career break. This is due to two singles on the album: “All that’s Left” and “Stare at the Sun.” Both songs received greater airplay and, as the  year progressed, the group found themselves playing at larger venues to larger crowds. The album itself released in 2003 through Island Records, and the title reflected their desire to do more than simply make music and continue to contribute to society through charitable donations. A portion of this album’s proceeds were donated to the Syrentha Savio Endowment, a financial aid organization for breast cancer patients.
A personal favorite from the album, “Stare at the Sun”, was featured in an Electronic Arts video game titled “SSX 3” and featured a distinct sound characterized by a complex bass lead on the verses and an accompanying complex guitar lead on the chorus. The lyrics of the song could be the turning point in their wording pattern. Here is an excerpt: “I see the parts but not the whole, I study saints and scholars both. No perfect plan unfurls. Do I trust my heart or just my mind? Why is truth so hard to find in this world?” Yet the song still carried along the band’s previous angst combined with a new determination to seek truth with the bridge and chorus: “I know that there’s a point I’ve missed, a shrine or stone I haven’t kissed, a scar that never graced my wrist, a mirror that hasn’t met my fist; but I can’t help feeling like I’m due for a miracle, I’m waiting for a sign. I’ll stare straight into the sun, and I won’t close my eyes ‘till I understand or go blind.”

Vheissu

            While The Artist in the Ambulance was arguably the turning point in Thrice’s career, their fourth album, titled Vheissu, could be argued as the turning point in their spirituality. The album featured a calmer and more introspective sound accompanied by lyrics such as “So put your faith in more than steel. Don’t store your treasures up with moth and rust, where thieves break in and steal. Pull the fangs from out your heel. Well, we live in but a shadow of the real.” It became apparent that the group was not going to settle for average in any aspect of life, whether musical or spiritual. The album was released on October 17, 2005 by Island Records and peaked at #15 on the Billboard 200 chart.
Vheissu was characterized by calmer and more experimental sounds such as piano melodies, electronica, folk Japanese music-box undertones, and chain-gang chant choruses, thus showing it to be a deviation from the band’s post-hardcore roots. A personal favorite from this album (and the title of this paper) is the song “Image of the Invisible.” Featuring an energetic and driving sounds coupled with the lyrics, “We’re more than carbon and chemicals; free will is ours and we can’t let go; we can’t allow this, the quiet cull; so we sing out this, our canticle; we are the image of the invisible. We all were lost now we are found; no one can stop us or slow us down; we are the named and we are known; we know that we’ll never walk alone,” this song carries clear the message that they had accepted Christ.

The Alchemy Index

            Thrice’s fifth effort was a double album titled The Alchemy Index, with each album featuring two EPs of 6 songs each. Each EP features a significantly different style, based on different aspects of musical and lyrical aestheticism. The purpose of the four EPs was that each would represent an element of nature: fire, water, air, and earth. It could be argued as the bands greatest work of creativity. The first album, The Alchemy Index Vols. I & II: Fire & Water, was released October 16, 2007 under Vagrant Records. The band reportedly left Island Records during the recording of the album due to a difference in vision for the direction of the band. The second album, The Alchemy Index Vols. III & IV: Air & Earth, was released April 15, 2008 on Vagrant Records. Both albums were self-produced.
A personal favorite from this double album, four-EP work comes from the Fire & Water Index, and is titled “Digital Sea”, featuring lyrics such as “I woke, cold and alone, adrift in an open sea. Caught up in regrets and tangled in nets instead of your arms wrapped around me. And I wept, but my tears are anathema here, just more water to fill my lungs. I hear someone scream ‘God what it is we have done?’ I am drowning in a digital sea, I am slipping beneath the sound. Here my voice goes to the ones and zeroes, I’m slipping beneath the sound.”

Beggars

            Initially slated to release October13, 2009 on Vagrant Records but later changed to an iTunes release of August 11, 2009 and a physical release of September 15, 2009 due to the album being leaked, Thrice chose to move away from the “sleepy feeling” of The Alchemy Index and Vheissu toward “a little more upbeat and energetic” for their self-produced sixth project, titled Beggars. Though the group initially wanted to record the album live (recording the full band in one take instead of mixing tracks individually), they chose instead to record songs with “similar vibes musically and tonally” in one session at self-built home studio. During this time, the band went on tour and played their new sound at numerous sold-out venues, but their spring 2010 tour with the Manchester Orchestra was cut short when Kensrue had to leave due to an illness in his family. However, this would not stop the band from continuing later.

Major/Minor

            After taking a short break, Kensrue revealed that each band member had been individually writing music to be used for a new album. The album was recorded at Red Bull Studios (produced by Dave Schiffman) but later tweaked and edited at Teppei’s home studio (New Grass Studios). before being released on September 20, 2011.  The sound was different than previous albums and reflected the significant amount of maturing the members of the group have done over the years. The album received critical acclaim, earning an average score of 82 (based on 10 reviews). BBC reported Raziq Rauf stated “there’s a simplicity to the music and songs that allows the listener to enjoy them at a very elemental level”. IGN spoke of the album as “one of the strongest rock efforts of the year.” Kensrue’s lyrics were hailed as “sheer poetry and in this day and age, such a brave and welcome change.”

Haitus


            After touring through the spring of 2012, Dustin Kensrue stated “Thrice is not breaking up…” but was rather “taking a break from being a full-time band.” Accompanied by Animals as Leaders (featuring the acclaimed guitarist Tosin Abasi) and O’Brother, the band played a farewell tour and ended with a 33-song solo performance on June 19, 2012. Twenty-four select songs recorded live during the tour were compiled into a live album titled Anthology. During the time since, members of the band have been involved in various side projects. Kensrue’s solo project has gathered a wide following and continues to encompass his creativity in lyrics and sound, while conveying his faith in Christ.

Friday, November 30, 2012

IN 1000 WORDS: Who Is The Angel Of The Lord?


Just who (or what) is the Angel of the Lord? Was he a ghost or a demon? Was he a legend, a great military leader that was overly hyped up over time? Was he, perhaps, a mysterious wisp of fog that was mistaken as being something more? Were those who claimed to have seen him simply hallucinating on wild mushrooms? Of course, some of these claims are rather outlandish, and all of them are false. However, each of them have been posited by different people over time. This is why it is important to develop a clear understanding of who and what the angel of the Lord is so that we are not led astray by hollow and deceptive philosophy (Colossians 2:8), or by false teachers (2 Peter 2:1; 1 Timothy 6:3-4a), and so we can know the truth of His word for ourselves (John 8:32; 17:17). The first step to identifying the angel of the Lord is to understand what an angel is, and what an angel is not.
            Contrary to twenty-first century notions, angels do not exist to make us happy, healthy, and successful. They do not offer us spirituality without God or Jesus. They are not nonjudgmental. They do not make us feel unconditionally loved. They do not empower us to accomplish otherwise impossible missions. They do not recognize that we are divine (because we are not divine). They do not provide a spiritual balance to Western society’s secularism and materialism. They do not give assurance to all people about life after death. They are not merely a good luck charm. And, lastly, they are not there to protect us from all physical harm, even if we aren't believers. So what, then, is an angel?
            According to Hebrews 1:14, angels are “ministering spirits sent forth to do service for the sake of those who inherit salvation.” According to Herbert Lockyer, they are “supernatural beings whose abode is heaven and who function as the unseen agents in the execution of the will of God”.[1] Scripture seems to allude to the idea that angels are organized into rank, and that the kingdom of heaven is, in fact, a hierarchy. There is only one angel whose name and rank are both given in Scripture, and that is the archangel Michael. Jude 1:9 alludes to the idea that he is of a very high rank, as well as to the possibility that Satan was of equal or lesser rank before he rebelled against God and fell from heaven. There is one other angel whose rank is given in Scripture, and that is the captain of the host of the Lord (Joshua 5:13-15). However, what about the angel of the Lord?
            There are three possible identities as to who the angel of the Lord could be that are all supported by scripture. The first possibility is that he is either a special angel who intercedes for man to God (Zechariah 1:9-14), who comes with full divine authority and can therefore speak for God (even in the first person). The second possibility is that he is God Himself (a theophany) (Genesis 12:17, 19; Exodus 3:2, 4; 13:21-22; 14:19). The third possibility is that he is the pre-incarnate form of the second person of the trinity, the messiah, Christ.
            Is the angel of the Lord a special angel who intercedes for man to God? Zechariah 1:9-14 offers the clearest depiction of the angel of the Lord that we have in scripture. In this passage, the angel of the Lord is seen as mediating between God and man. Zechariah asks the angel a question, then two others speak to the angel. Next, the angel speaks to God, and God speaks comforting words to the angel. Finally, the angel returns to Zechariah and speaks to him what God said. There is no mistaking that this passage depicts the angel of the Lord as an intercessor between God and man.
            Is the angel of the Lord actually God? The phrases “God”, “angel of God”, “angel of the Lord” and “the LORD” are used interchangeably at various points throughout the Old Testament. It first occurs in Exodus 3:2-4 when Moses saw the burning bush, in Exodus 13:21-22 when “the LORD” traveled in the form of a pillar of fire or a cloud, leading the Israelites out of Egypt, and then in 14:19 when “the angel of God” was described as that pillar of fire. These passages do not make it undoubtedly clear that the angel of the Lord is actually God Himself, but many have drawn it as an inference.
            The third possibility is that the angel of the Lord is what one might call a christophany; that is, the angel of the Lord is visible manifestation of the pre-incarnate Christ. Exodus 23:20-22 states “See, I am sending an angel ahead of you... Pay attention to him and listen to what he says. Do not rebel against him; he will not forgive your rebellion…” Many have taken this verse to imply that the angel of the Lord is capable of forgiving sins. Others have said that Malachi 3:1 refers to the angel of the Lord messenger of the covenant. The problem with this is that the verse does not refer to the angel of the Lord, nor does it say who the messenger of the covenant is. The primary argument behind this claim is the lack of any New Testament appearances of the Angel of the Lord. However, there are no scriptural references to directly verify the angel of the Lord as being the pre-incarnate Christ.
            So, who is the angel of the Lord? Is he a special angel who intercedes for man to God? Is he actually God? Or, is the angel of the Lord actually the visible manifestation of the pre-incarnate second person of the trinity (Christ)? Of all the choices that have been posited by scholars and theologians over time, the one that can be seen the clearest from scripture is that the angel of the Lord was a special angel, sent with a special commission, who interceded between God and man.



[1] Lockyer, Herbert. Everything Jesus Taught. New York, NY: Harpercollins, 1984.

Thursday, November 29, 2012

Prayer: Why Are Some People Healed While Others Are Not?

James 5:15-16 states “..the prayer offered in faith will restore the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up, and if he has committed sins, they will be forgiven him… The effective prayer of a righteous man can accomplish much.” However, if this verse rang true 100% of the time, there would be no need for hospitals, modern medicine, or medical treatment of any kind for that matter. The simple truth is that not everyone is healed in response to prayer. Why is this so? Many people have turned away from God because He did not heal them in response to the prayers offered up by themselves and others. Why would God not specially provide miraculous healing for everyone who calls upon His name? To understand this, we must understand miracles and special providence.
Special providence is defined as God's intervention into the regular course of things in order to produce a variation that would not have occurred otherwise but which does not violate the possibilities of natural law. In other words, special providence is God’s supernatural intervention into the world through indirect, natural means. Some have falsely stated that God works either only in nature, or only in history, or only in “important” matters. Some have gone as far as viewing God simply as a “good luck” charm in their view of providence.
A miracle is defined as God’s supernatural intervention into the world through direct, supernatural means. Miracles are signs (evidence) of the divine origin of the miracle worker. In other words, God uses miracles to validate His spokesmen. Miracles are designed to verify His word as being true. They are for our benefit (that we might understand and believe) but ultimately for His glory (that we may repent of our sins and turn to Him). God doesn’t perform miracles without a reason. They are always used as part of His special plan for His name’s sake. Some have falsely viewed miracles as unexplained natural events, the inevitable result of God’s mercy and compassion, or arbitrary phenomena.
 God's special plan for His glorification is to establish His kingdom over the earth (Matthew 20:21; Mark 10:37; Psalm 47:2). Ultimately, this plan will prevail because God works out all things for His own ends (Proverbs 16:24). God desires for sinners to turn to Him in repentance; He wants us to live in relationship with Him so that through us, His Kingdom can be established on earth. So, it can be inferred that the reason for which God would intervene in the natural order of things in a special and unique way would be to further His kingdom here on earth.
God does that which is beneficial to the purpose of furthering His kingdom here on earth. If healing a person will further that plan, then He will certainly do so. If not, then there is no reason for Him to do so. God cares less about our health and comfort than He cares about sinners turning to Him in repentance. Perhaps God will heal a person of a physical sickness, disease, or ailment so that they will go out and share their testimony (and preach the Gospel through it). After all, a testimony is a powerful thing (Rev 12:11), and stories of physical healing are quite apt to elicit an emotional response from the hearer. However (and this is very important to understand), not all sickness is physical.
Sometimes the physical illness is just the surface, a tangible thing meant to call our attention to the intangible: a deeper, spiritual sickness that needs to be healed. If a person is not in a right relationship with God, what good is there in bringing life to the temporary (physical) while the permanent (spiritual) suffers? Physical healing, at best, is only temporary. Every human being will eventually die, but the soul will go on for eternity; whether with God in eternal life or separated from Him in eternal torment, the soul lingers on forever. Therefore, the greater need is not for physical healing, but for spiritual healing and restoration.
The need for spiritual healing far outweighs the need for physical healing. Things that happen in the spiritual will sometimes be made manifest in the physical. If a person does not have Christ dwelling in their heart, it opens the door for demonic oppression and possession in their life (Matt 12:44-45; Luke 11:24-26). There is a spiritual void in every person’s life that must be filled by something. If it is not filled by Christ, it will be filled by demons. Therefore, sometimes the physical sickness is merely the fruit; it is the surface manifestation of a deeper, spiritual sickness that must be dealt with first.
Every time Jesus healed a person in Scripture, it was because they had faith and truly believed that He could heal them. They did not doubt Him in their heart. Though the passage speaks in the context of asking God for wisdom, James 1:6-7 is still applicable to the context of asking God for healing. If a person asks God for healing, but they doubt His ability to heal them (or whether He will heal them) in their heart, then God is not going to heal them. Sometimes God will intentionally delay an answer to prayer (Luke 18:7) in order to test the faith of the one praying. He doesn’t test it for His own benefit, but for ours, that we may be strengthened by exercising those spiritual muscles, so that when harder battles eventually come our way, we will be strong enough to overcome them.
Ultimately, it is impossible to predict the mind and will of God. Isaiah 40:28 makes this clear “…His understanding no one can fathom.” Romans 11:34 and 1 Corinthians 2:16 echo this thought. To state that human beings have any capacity to do so would be foolish and arrogant. His ways and His thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9). It is not our place to say whether a healing would be in the will of God or not. If someone is not healed in response to prayer, there is no reason to become discouraged or dismayed. The true test of a person’s faith is not whether they are healed or not, but whether they would remain faithful to God even if He did not heal them. 

Tuesday, September 11, 2012

The Deity of Jesus Christ




            Never before had mankind experienced something so shockingly profound: God in the flesh; the fullness of deity taking on the appearance of a human and walking among mere mortals. His name was Immanuel, “God with us”. Those who knew Him called Him “Jesus”.  His disciples called Him “teacher”, “master”, and “Lord”. Still, there were those who denied His claims to deity, calling Him a fraud. Others called him demon possessed. Ultimately, He was tried and put to death on a Roman cross as punishment for a crime He never committed—blasphemy—only to prove Himself by rising from the dead three days later, leaving those who mocked Him to stand in the spotlight of their own shame.
Going to the history, it is seen that many have tried to debunk this story, adamantly accusing Jesus of being a fraud. Some go as far as claiming He never existed, while others claim that Scripture does not at all support Jesus as being deity. This paper will address the issue of Jesus’ deity as shown in Scripture; both before and after His time on earth, with a special focus on the book of Hebrews, whose theme is the supremacy of Jesus. Claims to deity which will be addressed are Jesus’ pre-existence (existing before the beginning of the world), His resurrection from the dead, His power and dominion, His Sonship to God, and His likeness to God (being in the image of God).
Give but a momentary glance into the book of Hebrews, and one will find that it is rank with claims to Jesus’ deity. The book opens up by making three claims to Jesus’ deity in the first sentence. “God…in these last days…has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world” (Hebrews 1:1-2). The first claim is that of His Sonship to God, the second is His power, and the third is His pre-existence. [1]The two verses which follow go on to make five more claims to His deity. Two claims are of His likeness to God, while three are of His power and dominion.
“You are my Son. Today I have begotten You.” This poetic phrase which God spoke was never spoken to angels, but only to Jesus. [2]God Himself is recorded as calling Jesus His Son multiple times throughout scripture, and it is echoed throughout the book of Hebrews. Heb 1:6 speaks of Jesus’ power and dominion, as well as His Sonship to God by saying that the angels worship Jesus. Verses 8 and 10-12 attests to Jesus’ dominion, pre-existence, and likeness to God. Hebrews speaks of Jesus as being the founder of Salvation, being greater than Moses, and able to give us rest. Chapter four, however, makes an even further claim to Jesus’ deity in verse fourteen in saying “…we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God…”
Up until Jesus’ death, only the high priest could be a mediator between God and man by going behind the curtain into the Holy of Holies once a year and sprinkling blood on the mercy seat. However, immediately after Jesus died, He tore the curtain in half and went in Himself, thus forever becoming the high priest (Heb 6:19-20) mediator between God and man. The apostle Paul also claims this in Romans 8:34 by stating that Jesus is our mediator who is constantly interceding for us. Hebrews 7:21-22 affirms that Jesus is a priest forever, and thus the guarantor and (as chapter eight affirms) high priest of a better covenant.
Never, in all of history, have any such claims been made about any person that has walked this earth. However, one must remember that Jesus was not only fully man, but is also fully God. Hebrews claims that Jesus is our high priest. If only the high priest could go behind the curtain, and Jesus tore the curtain, then Jesus is today, as William Barclay stated, “our only entrance to the presence of God”.[3] This is why Jesus said “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No man goes to the Father except through Me.” In other words, He laid stake to His own deity. The author of Hebrews simply attests to what Jesus has already said, showing how the Old Testament supports and validates these claims.[4]
Going to the rest of the New Testament, one finds that the Apostle Paul wrote much about Jesus in his epistles, and a lot of it was pertaining to His deity. In his letter to the Romans, he states that Jesus is the Son of God (1:3-4), that Christ is able to judge the secrets of men’s hearts (2:16), that redemption is found in Him (3:24), that His blood is the purification for our sins (3:25; 5:10-11), that He is our peace with God (5:1), and that Jesus is all over, God blessed forever (9:5). [5]William S. Plumer commented on this phrase (all over, God blessed forever) in Romans 9:5, stating: "Three things are here said respecting Christ, either of which should settle the question of our Lord's divinity. One is that he is called God. Another is that he is supreme - he is over all. The third is that he is blessed forever"[6]
“Let the dead bury their own. Just go proclaim the Kingdom of God.” The man must have been stunned to hear such a harsh, seemingly uncaring statement come from the mouth of Jesus. Yet this theme was recurrent with what Jesus told His disciples over and over. In fact, it can be summed up in one statement: “If you don’t love me so much that every other relationship in your life looks like hate by comparison, you cannot be my follower.” Why would Jesus make such a harsh claim? The reason is because He is far superior to everything else in existence. The author of Hebrews states over and over that Jesus is supreme, whether directly or indirectly. If Jesus is so supreme, then one must be fully devoted to Him in order to be His follower. There is simply no other way. Jesus is the only way to God.
“You are so foolish and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken!” Those are the very words Jesus spoke to two of His disciples on the road to Emmaus after His resurrection, as recorded in Luke 24:25. Though they had no idea who he was when they saw him (they didn’t even recognize Him), He went on to tell them everything the Old Testament had claimed about Him. The psalmist states in 2:7 “I will declare the decree: the Lord has said to me, ‘You are My Son, today I have begotten You.” 45:6 states “Your throne, O God, is forever and ever…” Again, 68:18 states “You have ascended on high, you have led captivity captive.  You have received gifts among men, even from the rebellious, that the Lord God might dwell there.” The prophet Isaiah spoke much about Christ, saying “A child will be born, and His name is called Emmanuel, God with us… His name is called Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace” (Isa 7:14; 9:6). [7] There were many other Old Testament prophecies pertaining to Jesus, but these are a few that attest to His deity. To ignore what was foretold of Jesus long before He walked the earth would be foolish.
Down throughout history, many have tried to debunk claims to Jesus’ deity, saying He is a fraud and a liar, or that He was simply a good man and a wise teacher. Others have claimed that Scripture makes no claims to Jesus’ deity. However, as seen clearly in this paper, Jesus Himself claimed to be the only way to God. The Old Testament prophets spoke of His deity hundreds and even thousands of years before He was born. Now, almost two thousand years later, the human race is still experiencing the shockwaves of Jesus’ triumphant victory over death on the cross at Calvary. Today, Jesus is sitting at the right hand of the throne of God, praying and interceding to the Father on our behalf, longing and desiring for us to know Him in a deep and intimate way. He already made propitiation for our sins and purified us with His blood. It is now up to us to deny ourselves, take up our cross, and follow Him.




Bibliography


Barclay, William. The Letter To the Hebrews. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Saint Andrew Press, 1955.
Cooper, Dr. David L. STUDIES IN THE BOOK OF HEBREWS. n.d. http://www.biblicalresearch.info/page431.html (accessed September 10, 2012).
Guthrie, Donald. New Testament Indtroduction: Hebrews to Revelation. Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1962.
Plumer, William S. Commentary on Romans. Kregel Reprint Library, 1993.
Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976.
The Deity of Jesus Christ. 2012. http://christiandefense.org/jw_deity.htm (accessed September 9, 2012).
The Son in the Book of Hebrews. n.d. http://www.letusreason.org/trin14.htm (accessed September 10, 2012).
Willis, Mike. "The Deity of Christ." TruthMagazine, December 6, 1990.